IIASA’s 40th Anniversary Conference examined the many sustainability and development challenges such transformations impose and explore options for resolving them. Leading scientists and experts from a diverse range of disciplines, regions, and institutions presented findings which aim to generate debate and further analyses, and help to identify viable pathways through these complex and interlinked global challenges. The Conference reinforced the relevance and application of advanced systems analysis and integrated approaches in providing science-based solutions for policymakers faced with these pervasive problems.